Ahmadi, Song, Gao et al. eLife 2023; 12: RP86678. DOI: https://doi. org/10.7554/eLife. 86678 2 of 19 and IgA with cytotoxic properties and reactivity to both gut-derived E. coli and autoantigens accumulated in hepatocytes of SAH patients but not of healthy controls. The study would benefit from a broader analysis of gut microbiota proteome and further characterization of B cells infiltrating the liver tissue including their numbers/field and their origin (infiltrating versus resident cells). The work opens new avenues of understanding for the pathogenesis of severe alcoholic hepatitis and is of great interest to researchers and clinicians in the field.